Extravehicular Activity (EVA) is a type of space exploration where astronauts work outside the spacecraft while in the vacuum of space. It requires special equipment and advanced training, making it a high-risk endeavour that various countries have used throughout history.
Extravehicular Activity (EVA) is a type of space exploration where astronauts are deployed outside the confines of a spacecraft or space station to perform various tasks such as repair, maintenance or exploration. Astronauts must wear specialized suits and use tools designed to work in outer space. EVA can be very dangerous due to the extreme temperature changes, zero gravity conditions and radiation present in space. So, astronauts must take care when embarking on this type of mission.
To prepare for extravehicular Activity, astronauts must undertake a rigorous training program. This involves simulations of spaceflight conditions and in-depth instruction on using specialized new tools and materials. Astronauts need to be aware of all safety protocols that come with participating in an EVA and maintain physical fitness due to the demanding nature of this type of mission. During the preparation period, astronauts are also taught how to manage stress, anxiety, and fatigue.
Unlike activities that take place inside spacecraft, EVAs pose some unique risks. Astronauts may be exposed to extreme temperatures, cosmic and solar radiation, and damaging micrometeoroid particles. They are also vulnerable to communication impairments that can make it difficult or impossible to converse with mission control. Maintaining physical coordination while wearing the bulky space suit is another challenge that must be addressed before engaging in an EVA mission.
Astronauts who undertake an Extravehicular Activity must be mentally prepared, outfitted in the correct clothing, and equipped with the necessary tools. They need a pressurized suit to maintain the internal atmosphere they depend on to function effectively while away from their spacecraft or station. This suit must include a helmet, gloves, boots and other protective pieces. Astronauts also require tethering, air supply and cooling systems configured to their particular mission.
Extravehicular Activity holds a remarkable place in space exploration history. It began in 1965 when four spacewalks were executed during the Gemini Program. Subsequent EVAs enabled astronauts to perform various critical tasks for the Apollo missions, including retrieving the Proton Flux Experiment from Surveyor 3 and attaching experiments to Skylab. From then on, EVA enabled significant accomplishments such as repairs of satellites placed off orbit, establishing the Large Space Telescope, setting up new International Space Station components and changes in modules attached to established structures.
Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov conducted the first EVA on March 18, 1965, where he spent 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside the Voskhod 2 spacecraft. He wore a white metal backpack containing 45 minutes' worth of breathing and pressuring oxygen. Still, his space suit ballooned from the internal pressure against the vacuum of space and became so stiff that he could not even operate a camera on his chest!
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